X - Ray
 

Radiography is concerned with studying the homogeneity of opaque materials using penetrating radiation and is mainly used for volumetric examination of materials and welds to detect internal discontinuities present and to find –out assembly errors. It is based on differential absorption of penetrating radiation by the part being inspected. The degree of absorption depends upon the thickness as well

as physical density variations in the object. The forms of penetrating radiation that are used in radiographic inspection of pressure vessels and valves are X-rays and Gamma rays. X-rays are generated in vacuum tubes when metals like tungsten stop accelerated electrons. Gamma rays originate from artificially produced radioisotopes when elements such as iridium and cobalt are treated in a reactor with a flux of neutrons.
 
 
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